during the development and implementation of the current study. and Alexandra Geyer was employed by Aptima, Inc. Charles Dickens is employed by Aptima, Inc. NMW was supported by a Beckman Institute Postdoctoral Fellowship. 0903622) and a Beckman Institute Graduate Fellowship. PLB was supported by a National Science Foundation Neuroengineering IGERT Fellowship (grant no. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-12-C-0360 to AFK). Received: MaAccepted: OctoPublished: November 10, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Baniqued et al. (2015) Working Memory, Reasoning, and Task Switching Training: Transfer Effects, Limitations, and Great Expectations? PLoS ONE 10(11):Įditor: Elkan Akyürek, University of Groningen, NETHERLANDS In summary, although these findings provide modest evidence regarding the efficacy of an integrated cognitive training program, more research is needed to determine the utility of Mind Frontiers as a cognitive training tool.Ĭitation: Baniqued PL, Allen CM, Kranz MB, Johnson K, Sipolins A, Dickens C, et al. A general expectancy difference in problem-solving was observed between groups, but this perceived benefit did not correlate with training-related improvement. Perceived self-improvement in the tested abilities did not differ between groups. No training-related improvements were found in reasoning accuracy or other working memory tests, nor in composite measures of episodic memory, selective attention, divided attention, and multi-tasking. After training, the Mind Frontiers group improved in working memory n-back tests, a composite measure of perceptual speed, and a composite measure of reaction time in reasoning tests. Ninety participants completed 20 hour-and-a-half long training sessions over four to five weeks, 45 of whom played Mind Frontiers and 45 of whom completed visual search and change detection tasks (active control). We hypothesize that such integrated training may lead to broad improvements in cognitive abilities by targeting aspects of working memory, executive function, reasoning, and problem solving. The current study was designed to overcome several limitations of previous training studies by incorporating training expectancy assessments, an active control group, and “Mind Frontiers,” a video game-based mobile program comprised of six adaptive, cognitively demanding training tasks that have been found to lead to increased scores in fluid intelligence (G f) tests. Although some studies have shown that cognitive training can produce improvements to untrained cognitive domains (far transfer), many others fail to show these effects, especially when it comes to improving fluid intelligence.
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